Irrigation suitability and health risk assessment of groundwater resources in the Firozabad industrial area of north-central India: An integrated indexical, statistical, and geospatial approach

The recent global upsurge in anthropogenic activities has resulted a decline the quality of water. This by extension increased ubiquity water pollution terms sources. application traditional assessment methods usually involves use conventional parameters and guideline values. may be associated with bias errors during computation various sub-indices. Hence, to overcome this limitation, it is critical have visual appraisal source human health risks exposure for sustainable resource management informed decision-making. Therefore, present study integrated multiple indices, spatio-temporal, statistical models assess suitability fifty groundwater samples (n = 50) within Firozabad industrial area irrigation drinking; as well likely from oral intake dermal contact inhabitants. Electrical conductivity (mean 1,576.6 ?s/cm), total hardness 230.9 mg/L), dissolved sodium 305.1 mg/L) chloride 306.1 fluoride 1.52 occurred at concentrations above recommended standards; attributed influxes agricultural wastewater. index revealed that 100% are extremely polluted; was also supported joint multivariate analyses. majority irrigational indices (sodium adsorption ratio, Kelly’s Ratio, permeability index, percent sodium) long-term will result reduced crop yield unless remedial measures put place. Higher Hazard (HI > 1) nitrate ingestion recorded children population compared adult; an indication more predisposed Generally, risk levels appear increase western north-eastern parts area. From findings study, highly adequate practices, land use, treatment regulatory strategies place sustainability enhanced production protection.